BEG / MCQ - POINTS IN FIRST QUADRANT

Engineering Drawing Questions and Answers – Projection of Points in First Quadrant

1. Two points are placed in 1st quadrant of projection planes such that the line joining the points is perpendicular to profile plane the side view and top view will be ______________
a) single point, two points
b) two points, single point
c) single point, single point
d) two points, two points
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Here given the two points such that the joining line is perpendicular to profile plane in 1st quadrant asked side view and top view. The views in any quadrant will remain same but the relative positions in projection will change accordingly the quadrant.

2. A point is 5 units away from the vertical plane and 4 units away from profile plane and 3 units away from horizontal plane in 1st quadrant then the projections are drawn on paper the distance between the front view and top view of point is _____________
a) 7 units
b) 8 units
c) 9 units
d) 5 units
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Since the point is 3 units away from the horizontal plane the distance from the point to xy reference line will be 3 units. And then the point is at a distance of 5 units from the vertical plane the distance from reference line and point will be 5, sum is 8.

3. A point is 8 units away from the vertical plane and 2 units away from profile plane and 4 units away from horizontal plane in 1st quadrant then the projections are drawn on paper the distance between the side view and front view of point is _______________
a) 12 units
b) 6 units
c) 10 units
d) 8 units
View Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: Since the point is 2 units away from the profile plane the distance from the point to reference line will be 2 units. And then the point is at a distance of 8 units from the vertical plane the distance from reference line and point will be 8, sum is 10.

4. A point is 2 units away from the vertical plane and 3 units away from profile plane and 7 units away from horizontal plane in 1st quadrant then the projections are drawn on paper the distance between the front view and side view of point is ______________
a) 10
b) 5
c) 9
d) 7
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Since the point is 3 units away from the profile plane the distance from the point to reference line will be 3 units. And then the point is at a distance of 2 units from the profile plane the distance from reference line and point will be 2 units, sum is 5.

5. A point is 20 units away from the vertical plane and 12 units away from profile plane and 9 units away from horizontal plane in 1st quadrant then the projections are drawn on paper the distance between the side view and front view of point is ______________
a) 29 units
b) 21 units
c) 32 units
d) 11 units
View Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: Since the point is 12 units away from the profile plane the distance from the point to reference line will be 12 units. And then the point is at a distance of 20 units from profile plane the distance from reference line and point will be 20 units, sum is 32.

6. A point is 2 units away from the vertical plane and 3 units away from profile plane and 7 units away from horizontal plane in 1st quadrant then the projections are drawn on paper the shortest distance from top view and side view of point is _____________
a) 10.29
b) 5.14
c) 9
d) 7
View Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: Since here distance from side view and top view is asked for that we need the distance between the front view and side view (3+2); front view and top view (7+2)and these lines which form perpendicular to each other gives needed distance, answer is square root of squares of both the distances √(5²+9² ) =10.29 units.

7. If a point P is placed in between the projection planes. The distance from side view to reference line towards front view and the distance between top view and reference line towards top view will be same.
a) True
b) False
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: The projection will be drawn by turning the other planes parallel to a vertical plane in clockwise direction along the lines of intersecting of planes. And so as we fold again the planes at respective reference lines and then drawing perpendiculars to the planes at those points the point of intersection gives the point P.

8. A point is 20 units away from the vertical plane and 12 units away from profile plane and 9 units away from horizontal plane in 1st quadrant then the projections are drawn on paper the distance between the side view and top view of point is ________________
a) 29 units
b) 21 units
c) 35.8 units
d) 17.9 units
View Answer

9. A point is 5 units away from the vertical plane and profile plane and 10 units away from the horizontal plane in 1st quadrant then the projections are drawn on paper the distance between the side view and top view of point is _________________
a) 15
b) 10
c) 32.5
d) 18.02 units
View Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: Since here distance from side view and top view is asked for that we need the distance between the front view and side view (5+5); front view and top view (10+5)and these lines which form perpendicular to each other gives needed distance, answer is square root of squares of both the distances √(10²+15² ) = 18.02 units.

10. A point is 15 units away from the vertical plane and 12 units away from profile plane and horizontal plane in 1st quadrant then the projections are drawn on paper the distance between the front view and top view of point is ______________
a) 27
b) 15
c) 12
d) 24
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Since the point is 12 units away from the horizontal plane the distance from the point to xy reference line will be 12 units. And then the point is at a distance of 15 units from the vertical plane the distance from reference line and point will be 15, sum is 27.

11. A point is 12 units away from the vertical plane and profile plane 15 units away from horizontal plane in 1st quadrant then the projections are drawn on paper the distance between the front view and side view of point is ________________
a) 27
b) 15
c) 12
d) 24
View Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: Since the point is 12 units away from the profile plane the distance from the point to xy reference line will be 12 units. And then the point is at a distance of 12 units from the profile plane the distance from reference line and point will be 12, sum is 24.

12. A point is 7 units away from the vertical plane and horizontal plane 9 units away from profile plane in 1st quadrant then the projections are drawn on paper the distance between the front view and top view of point is _____________
a) 27
b) 15
c) 16
d) 14
View Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: Since the point is 7 units away from the horizontal plane the distance from the point to xy reference line will be 7 units. And then the point is at a distance of 7 units from the vertical plane the distance from reference line and point will be 7, sum is 14 units.

13. A point is 16 units away from the vertical plane and horizontal plane 4 units away from profile plane in 1st quadrant then the projections are drawn on paper the distance between the side view and top view of point is ______________
a) 37.73 units
b) 32.98 units
c) 16
d) 8
View Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: Since here distance from side view and top view is asked for that we need the distance between the front view and side view (4+16); front view and top view (16+16)and these lines which form perpendicular to each other gives needed distance, answer is square root of squares of both the distances √20²+32² ) = 37.73 units.

BEG - Orthographic projection exercises

 

 

Orthographic Projection exercises

Draw front view, top view ,side view of the following exercises

Problem 1

Problem 2

 

 

Problem 3

Exercises

 class video

Problem 4

https://youtu.be/fsc8_YlO9lM

Problem 5

https://youtu.be/4yy88liLeW0

Problem 6

https://youtu.be/f6OnKVFH0Tw

Problem 7

Problem 8

Problem 9

 

Msc MCQ

Engineering Materials MCQ (Multiple Choice Questions)

1. Which of the following is a basic classification of Engineering Materials?
a) Metals
b) Non-Metals
c) Both Metals & Non-Metals
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: The two basic classifications of Engineering are:
i) Metals
ii) Non-Metals

2. Which of the following is not a property of engineering materials?
a) Mechanical properties
b) Chemical properties
c) Polymorphism
d) Electrical properties
View Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: The various material properties are:
i) Mechanical properties
ii) Physical properties
iii) Electrical properties
iv) Chemical properties
v) Thermal properties
vi) Magnetic properties

3. Which of the following is a type of Engineering Materials and is a Metal?
a) Asbestos
b) Ferrous Metals
c) Non-Ferrous Metals
d) Both b & c
View Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: The engineering materials are classified as:
i) Ferrous Metals
ii) Non-ferrous Metals
iii) Plastics
iv) Ceramics and Diamond
v) Composite Materials
vi) Nano-materials

4. Which of the following attributes explain why pure metals are not frequently used in engineering applications?
a) Softness
b) Hardness
c) Brittleness
d) Luster
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Pure metals are soft and ductile, which is not ideal for most engineering applications. Therefore, alloys are used to fulfill the requirements. This explains why pure gold is mixed with impurities to make ornaments.

5. Which of the following is an example of a thermoplastic?
a) Melamine
b) Epoxide
c) Urethane
d) Acetal
View Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: Acetal is an example of engineering thermoplastics. These are the plastics that are typically employed in engineering applications due to high strength, environmental resistance, and physical properties. Other examples of engineering thermoplastics are ethenic, cellulose, polyether etc. Urethane, melamine, and epoxide are examples of engineering thermosetting plastics.

6. Which class of engineering ceramics generally includes lubricant materials?
a) Metalloids
b) Intermetallics
c) Sulphides
d) Carbides
View Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: Molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂) and tungsten disulfide (WS₂) are common sulfide materials used in lubrication. Metalloid elements like germanium and silicon are used as electronic devices. Intermetallics like Nickel aluminide are used in water coatings.

7. Which of the following is not a property of fiberglass?
a) Nonflammable
b) Reinforcement for plastics
c) Thermal insulation
d) Organic
View Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: Fiberglass is known as the glass that has been drawn into fine fibers. They are inorganic in nature which makes them greatly inert. They also exhibit a high strength to weight ratio, non-flammability, and resistance to heat. For engineering applications, they are used for thermal and acoustic insulation, and as reinforcements for plastics.

8. On average, what is the maximum use temperature of engineering ceramics?
a) 2860^oC
b) 6815^oC
c) 3400^oC
d) 2760^oC
View Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: Compared to most metals and plastics, ceramics have a very good limit of maximum use temperature. It lies around 2760^oC for ceramics, while metals and plastics lay lower at 815^oC and 260^oC respectively.

9. How is the creep strength of ceramics when compared to other materials?
a) Low
b) High
c) Excellent
d) Zero
View Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: Engineering ceramics have good tensile strength, compressive strength, hardness, and excellent creep resistance. Metals usually have gold creep resistance, but plastics fair poorly.

10. Which of the following factors affect the mechanical properties of a material under applied loads?
a) Grain size
b) Shape of material
c) Content of alloys
d) Imperfection and defects
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Contents of alloys improve or decrease the hardness and strength of materials. Finer grain sizes improve the strength of the material. Imperfection and defects reduce the strength of the material. Shape, however, has little or no effect on the material.

11. The compressive test is done on which of the following materials?
a) Aluminum
b) Thermocole
c) Cast iron
d) Gold
View Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: Since brittle materials are unsuitable for tension test, they are checked using a compressive test. Brittle materials such as cast iron, concrete, mortar, brick, and ceramics are commonly tested in compression.

12. Which term is used to define the temperature at which a substance changes its status from solid to liquid?
a) Melting point
b) Freezing point
c) Boiling point
d) Condensation point
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: The temperature at which a substance changes from solid state to liquid is known as the melting point; here the temperatures of solid and liquid are in equilibrium. The shift of liquid state to solid is known as the freezing point. The transition from gaseous state to liquid is known as condensation, while that of liquid to gaseous is known as the boiling point.

13. Electrolysis usually used for materials like _________
a) Silicon, antimony
b) Silver, tin
c) Zinc, cadmium
d) Aluminum, nickel
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Since atomization results in oxidation of molten metal as it comes in contact with air, it is only used for materials like zinc and cadmium. Electrolysis is a standard electrolytic process which is used for materials like silver and tin. It is advantageous as it produces oxidation resistant powders.

14. Which of the following processes is not an application of thermoelectric effect?
a) Peltier effect
b) Ettingshausen effect
c) Seebeck effect
d) Thomson effect
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Seebeck, Peltier, and Thomson are three distinct effects which make up the thermoelectric effect. Ettingshausen effect, however, is a separate thermoelectric phenomenon like the Nernst effect.

15. Which materials are to be tested using an F-scale?
a) Bronze, gunmetal, and beryllium copper
b) Thermoplastics
c) Case hardened steels
d) Copper and brass
View Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: The Rockwell hardness F-scale uses a 1/16 inch diameter steel ball indenter with a total indenting load of 60 kg. This is used for testing of copper and brass.

16. Which of these is not a function of alloy steels?
a) Improves ductility
b) Improves machinability
c) Increases strength
d) Reduces cost
View Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: Alloy steels are used to improve properties such as strength, hardness, ductility, grain structure, and machinability, among others. This, however, results in increased costs due to multiple elements involved in the process.

17. How does the Vicker’s hardness test differ from Brinell’s?
a) Type of indenter
b) Materials to be tested
c) Load applied
d) Duration of indentation
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Similar to Brinell’s test, Vicker’s test also employs forcing of the indenter into the surface of metal for about 10-15 seconds. However, instead of a ball indenter, a pyramid-shaped indenter is used. This test is commonly also called the diamond-pyramid hardness test.

18. Which of the following is a characteristic of alumina?
a) Poor wear resistance
b) Good toughness
c) Good tensile strength
d) Excellent hardness
View Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: Aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃) is regarded as the oldest engineering ceramic. They have excellent hardness and wear resistance. They are stiffer and stronger than steels. Their tensile and toughness properties, however, can be improved by mixing them with zirconium.

19. Which is the primary element used for making stainless steel alloy?
a) Vanadium
b) Indium
c) Chromium
d) Zirconium
View Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: Stainless steels contain iron and a minimum of 10.5% of chromium. This gives it great resistance to corrosion. Therefore, stainless steels are often known as corrosion-resistant steels or chromium-bearing steels.

20. What disadvantage does silicon carbide have?
a) Thermal conductivity
b) Tensile strength
c) Cost
d) Oxidation resistance
View Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: Silicon carbide has excellent tensile strength, oxidation resistance, and the highest thermal conductivity among the common engineering ceramics. However, it is expensive and only available in limited shapes and sizes. It also has a low strength.

21. Which of the following is not a classification of aluminum alloys?
a) Cast alloys
b) Heat-treatable alloys
c) Wrought alloys
d) Crucible alloys
View Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: Aluminum alloys are categorized into wrought alloys, cast alloys, heat-treatable, and non heat-treatable alloys. An example of each is 2.5% Mg, 0.25% Cr, and rest Al (wrought), 12% Si and rest Al (cast), 0.4-0.9% Mg, 0.3-0.7% Si, and rest Al (heat-treatable), and (0.8-1.5% Mn and rest Al (non heat-treatable).

22. High conductivity copper is used ______
a) To raise softening temperature
b) In electrical engineering
c) To manufacture semiconductor elements
d) To reduce porosity
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: High conductivity copper contains over 99.9% copper, less than 0.005% of both lead and iron, along with low oxygen content. This copper finds its applications in the field of electrical engineering as it is a great conductor of electricity.

23. Which brass alloy is suitable for high-speed machining?
a) High tensile brass
b) Gilding metal
c) Muntz metal
d) Leaded brass
View Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: Leaded brass is used for high-speed machining due to its excellent strength and heat resistance. It contains 59% Cu, 39% Zn, and 2% Pb. It is also known as free cutting brass.

24. Which type of bearing bronze is the weakest?
a) Phosphorus bronze
b) Leaded bronze
c) Sintered bronze
d) Plain tin bronze
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Leaded bronze is a Copper-base bearing alloy containing 75% Cu, 5% Sn, 18% Pb, and 2% Ni. They are less stronger than other bearing bronzes. However, they can sustain higher loads than white metals, at higher speeds.

25. Magnalium is an alloy of magnesium, ________
a) Nickel and Zinc
b) Nickel and Tin
c) Zirconium and Zinc
d) Zinc and Tin
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Magnalium, although considered an aluminum alloy, may contain over 50% magnesium and small amounts of nickel and tin. They are commonly used for engineering applications and pyrotechnics.

26. Which polymer additive is used to remove parts from molds?
a) Reinforcements
b) Lubricants
c) Stabilizers
d) Plasticizers
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Lubricants are used to remove parts from molds, make surfaces slippery, and prevent them from sticking to each other. They are also known as slip agents. Common lubricant additives are silicone, waxes, fatty acid amides, glycerides, petrolatum etc.

27. Which of the following carbides are used for cutting tools?
a) Chromium carbide
b) Silicon carbide
c) Tungsten carbide
d) Vanadium carbide
View Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: Tungsten carbide (WC) belongs to the carbide class of engineering ceramics. It is used for cutting tools. Silicon carbide and boron carbide are used as abrasive, whereas vanadium carbide and tantalum carbide are used as wear-resistant materials. Chromium carbide is used as wear coating.

28. Which of the following is not a type of protective coating?
a) Non-metallic
b) Metallic
c) Inorganic
d) Organic
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: A protective coating is generally defined as a layer of an inert substance which is applied to a material to prevent the chemical and electrochemical attack. These are classified into metallic, organic, and inorganic coatings.

29. Which of the following is an example of soft magnetic material?
a) Strontium
b) Neodymium
c) Permalloy
d) Alnico
View Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: Permalloy is a soft magnet mainly used in electrical and electronic applications. It is composed of roughly 45% nickel. It has a high relative permeability of around 2700.

30. Which of the following is an example of organic insulating material?
a) Asbestos
b) Slag
c) Wood-pulp
d) Charcoal
View Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: Thermal insulation materials are classified as either organic or inorganic. Silk, wool, wood-pulp, and sawdust are a few examples of organic materials. Some common inorganic insulating materials are glass wool, slag, charcoal, and coke powder.

31. Which of the following is a characteristic of asbestos minerals?
a) Heat resistance
b) Reacts with acids
c) Poor strength
d) Poor bonding
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Asbestos minerals are highly preferred in their fibrous form. They possess high strength, surface area, and good bonding characteristics. They are also resistant to heat, acids, and moisture.

32. Which of the following is not a method of fabrication of rubber?
a) Vacuum forming
b) Buffing
c) Calendering
d) Compression molding
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Some of the basic forming and fabrication techniques for rubber include compression molding, calendering, injection and transfer molding, and extrusion among others. Tumbling, trimming, and buffing are techniques of finishing this fabricated rubber.

33. What is the result of full annealing of hypoeutectoid steels?
a) Cementite
b) Coarse pearlite
c) Silicon
d) Bainite
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Hypoeutectoid steels are heated above the A3 line and then cooled in the furnace. Then it removed from the furnace and then cooled at room temperature. This results in coarse pearlite with excess ferrite.

34. Which among the following is not an amorphous material?
a) Lead
b) Glass
c) Rubbers
d) Plastics
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Materials in which the molecule is the basic structural solid and has an irregular structure are known as amorphous solid. Most amorphous materials are polymers such as plastics and rubbers. The most common amorphous material is glass.

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உணவை தான் சாப்பிட்டேன் எப்படி மலம் ஆனது? உயிரோடு தானே இருந்தேன் எப்படி இறந்து போனேன்? மலம் தான் உணவாக இருந்ததா? மரணம் தான் வாழ்வாய் இருந்ததா? இந்த சுருங்கி போன உடம்புதான் இதுவரை இளமையை அனுபவித்ததா? இந்த சுருங்கும் மார்புகளுக்கா இத்தனைக் கண்கள் வட்டமிட்டது? பெருத்தன சிறுக்கும், சிறுத்தன பெருக்கும் என்று பாடியது இந்த நிலையற்ற பொய் வாழ்வைத்தானா?

இன்னும் இழுத்து கொண்டு இருக்கிறான். செத்து தொலையவில்லையே என்று மனைவியும் சுற்றமும் பேசிய போது, என்னை நூறாண்டு வாழ்க! என வாழ்த்தியது நினைவுக்கு வந்தது. இதுவரை எனது கோடாரியால் நான் எனது வேரையல்லவா வெட்டியிருக்கிறேன். நான் விரும்பியவை எல்லாம் என்னை வெறுத்து கொண்டிருக்கின்றன. இளமையாய் இருக்கும்போதே முதுமையை பழகி இருக்கவேண்டும். அறுசுவை உணவை தேடி தேடி உண்ணும் போதே அது மலமாகும் என்று உணர்ந்திருந்தால், அடுத்தவர் உணவை நான் பறித்திருக்கமாட்டேன்.

அனைவருக்கும் பயன்படவேண்டிய பொன் பொருளை ஒரு திருடனைப்போல் பதுக்கி இருக்கமாட்டேன். காலம் கடந்த ஞானம். பாயும், நோயும் தவிர யார் துணை வரப்போகிறார்கள். இறந்தாலும் எனக்காக யார் அழப்போகிறார்கள்? பிணமானப்பின் இந்த மாளிகையும் பணமும் எனதென்று நான் சொந்தம் கொண்டாடவா முடியும் சந்தனத்தால்  மணந்த உடல் என்றாலும் இறந்தால் மணக்கவாப் போகிறது?  கண்ணே மணியே என்று கொஞ்சிய தாயும், என் உயிரே என்று சொன்ன மனைவியும் பிணமானபின் உடன் வரப் போகிறார்களா?

பிரியமாட்டேன் என்று சொன்னவர்கள் பிணம் என்று வீசி சென்றப் பிறகு , மண் என்னைப்பார்த்து, "மகனே! நானிருக்கிறேன். என் மடியில் வந்து உறங்கு" என்று  என்னை மார்போடு தழுவிக்கொண்டது. அருந்தின மலமாம் பொருந்தின அழுக்காம்   வெறுப்பன உவப்பாம் உவப்பன  வெறுப்பாம் உலகே பொய் வாழ்க்கை. நீ நீயாக இரு... உங்கள் உடலில் இருக்கும் ஒவ்வொரு உறுப்பும் நீங்கள் உயிருடன் இருக்கும் அத்தனை நாளும் பயன்படுத்தவே படைக்கப்பட்டிருக்கிறது. வயதானால் அந்த நோய் வரும், இந்த நோய் வரும் என்று சொன்னால் தயவு செய்து நம்பாதீர்கள்.

உங்கள் கூடவே வாழும் மிருகங்களைப் பாருங்கள். மரணம் வரும் வரை தன் வேலைகளைத் தானே செய்து கொள்கிறது. எந்தப்பறவைகளும் தனக்கு வயதாகிவிட்டது என்று தன் குஞ்சிடம் உணவு கேட்பதில்லை. எந்த மாடும் படுத்து கொண்டு தன் கன்றிடம் தண்ணீரோ, உணவோ கேட்பதில்லை. எந்தப் பூனையோ, நாயோ படுக்கையில் இருந்து கொண்டு மலம் கழிப்பதில்லை. மரணம் அடையும் நாள் வரை ஆரோக்கியமாக சுயமாக தன் வேலைகள் அனைத்தையும் செய்து கொள்கின்றன. மனிதர்கள் மட்டும் தான் வயதானால் நோய்வரும், இயலாமை வரும் என்று நம்பி அடுத்தவர்களை எதிர்பார்த்து வாழ ஆரம்பிக்கிறார்கள்.

நன்கு ஞாபகம் வைத்துக் கொள்ளுங்கள். முதுமை என்று எதுவும் இல்லை. நோய் என்று எதுவும் இல்லை. இயலாமை என்று எதுவுமில்லை. எல்லாம் உங்கள் மனதிலும், அதன் நம்பிக்கையிலும்  தான் இருக்கிறது. சிந்தனையை மாற்றுங்கள். ஆரோக்கியமாக வாழுங்கள். நீங்கள் எதை நம்புகிறீர்களோ அதுவாகவே ஆகிப் போகிறீர்கள்.

நான்... நான்... நான்...

நான் சம்பாதித்தேன்,

நான் காப்பாற்றினேன்,

நான் வீடு கட்டினேன்.

நான் உதவி  செய்தேன்,

நான்  உதவி  செய்யலனா?

அவர்  என்ன ஆகுறது!நான் பெரியவன்,

நான் தான் வேலை  வாங்கி  கொடுத்தேன்.

நான்..  நான்..  நான்..  என்று  மார்தட்டி  கொள்ளும் மனிதர்களே!!!

நான் தான் என் இதயத்தை இயக்குகிறேன்  என்று  உங்களால் சொல்ல முடியுமா? நான் தான்  என் மூளையை  இயக்குகிறேன் என்று  உங்களால் சொல்ல முடியுமா? நான் தான் என் இரண்டு  கிட்னியையும்  இயக்குகிறேன் என்று  சொல்ல முடியுமா? நான் தான் என் வயிற்றில்  சாப்பிட்ட உணவில்  இருந்து சத்துக்களை  தனியாக  பிரித்து  இரத்தத்தில் சேர்க்கிறேன் என்று  உங்களால்  சொல்ல முடியுமா? நான் தான்  பூக்களை  மலர  வைக்கிறேன்  என்று  உங்களால்  சொல்ல முடியுமா ?

இவைகள் அனைத்தையும்  எவன்  செய்கிறானோ, இயக்குகிறானோ அவன் ஒருவனுக்கே "நான்" என்று  சொல்வதற்கு முழு அதிகாரமும்,  உரிமையும் உண்டு. ஆகையால் நான் என்ற அகந்தையை விட்டு அனைவரிடமும் அன்பாக இருங்கள். உனக்கு மேலே உள்ளவனைப் பார்த்து ஏங்காதே, தாழ்வு மனப்பான்மை வரும். உனக்கு கீழே உள்ளவனை  ஏளனமாய் பார்க்காதே, தலைக்கனம் வரும். 

உன்னை யாரோடும் ஒப்பிடாமல் நீ நீயாக இரு. தன்னம்பிகை தானாய் வரும்.

பாசிட்டிவ் திங்க்கிங்

ரிப்போர்ட் கார்டில் " O " வை பார்த்து 0 மார்க் எடுத்திருக்கே? னு குரலை உசத்தினார் பாசிட்டிவ் திங்க்கிங் பற்றி க்ளாஸ் எடுப்பவர். அது அவுட்ஸ்டேன்டிங் என்று ஈனக்குரலில் முனகினார் நெகட்டிவ் பர்சன் என முத்திரை குத்தப்பட்டவர்.

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Msc practical Experiment 2

 EXPERIMENT NO. 2

AIM: Identify and indicate various properties possessed by following metals:

1. Copper

2. Brass

3. Gun metal

4. Cast Iron

5. High Speed Steel

6. Aluminium

                    Aluminium, copper, brass,                                         Gun metal

Aluminium alloy piston

Copper parts

brass parts

Gun metal bushes

gun metal casting

cast iron

                                                                    cast iron

                                                            High Speed Steel Tap

                                                                    HSS Drill bit

THEORY:

1. COPPER: Copper is a chemical element with symbol Cu and atomic no 29.

Ores: Copper glance (Cu2S), Copper pyrites (CuFeS2), Malachite (CuCo3.CuO2H2), Azurite (2CuCo3.CuO2H2).

Physical and Mechanical Properties:

1. It is reddish- brown metal.

2. Pure copper is one of the best conductors of heat and electricity.

3. It is highly resistant to corrosion by the liquids.

4. If copper is heated to red heat and cooled slowly it become brittle but if cooled rapidly it is soft, malleable and ductile. The brittleness is due to the coarsely crystalline structure that develops during slow cooling.

5. Like aluminium, pure copper does not costly.

6. Copper can be welded at red heat.

7. Copper has a melting point of 1,984.28 °F (1,084.6 °C) and a boiling point of 4,643.6 °F (2,562 °C).

8. It has a specific gravity is 8.9 and electrical resistivity is 1.682 micron ohms per cm.

9. It tensile strength varies from 300 to 470 MN/m2.

10. It form important alloys like bronze, brass and gun metal.

11. The density of copper is 8.96 g/cm2.

12. It is strongly attacked by nitric acid but only very slowly by hydrochloric and sulphuric acid in the absence of air; ammonium solution also attacks copper. 

USES:

1. Largely used as electrical cable and wire and In electronic circuit.

2. Used in electroplating, electrotyping and for soldering bits.

3. Used as a damp proof material and for making alloys.

4. It is used for sheeting, roofing, spouts, boilers, condensers and other purposes where corrosion resistance with fair strength and flexibility is essential.

2. BRASS: Brass is a metal alloy made of copper and zinc; the proportions of zinc and copper can be varied to create a range of brasses with varying properties. It is a substitution alloy: atoms of the two constituents may replace each other within the same crystal structure.  The relatively low melting point of brass (900 to 940 °C, 1652 to 1724 °F, depending on composition) and its flow characteristics make it a relatively easy material to cast.

1. Manganese Brass: Manganese is generally added in the form of ferromanganese.

Composition: Copper (Cu) = 60%; Zinc (Zn) = 38% to 42%; Mn= 0.5% to 1.5%; Iron (Fe) = 0.5% to 1.5%.

Properties:

1. It is exceeding toughness.

2. It has high resistance to corrosion even in sea water.

3. It is very active in reducing the oxide of other metal, an action that is highly useful.

4. In addition to its action as deoxidizer, manganese hardness and strengthens the alloys.

5. In cast form, the tensile strength of manganese brass lies in the neighborhood of 500MN/m2 and this is somewhat improved by working, by rolling and forging.

Uses:

1. It is used for hydraulic pump rods, hydraulic rams and cylinders, tubes, propellers, nut, bolts etc.

2. Iron brass: It is also known as delta metal.

Composition: Copper (Cu) = 60%; Zinc (Zn) = 37%; Ferrous (Fe) =3% (also some quantity of Ni or Mn).

Properties:

1. It is hard, strong and tough.

2. It is easily cast.

3. Its tensile strength is about two fifth greater than brass of similar composition with the iron omitted.

4. It resists corrosion.

Uses:

It is used for mild steel if corrosion is to be resisted.

3. Tin brass: It increases the hardness and tensile strength but amount employed should not exceed about 2%, because with higher amount the ductility begins to decrease. It is also called naval brass.

Composition: Copper (Cu) = 60%; Zinc (Zn) = 39.2%; Tin (Sn) =0.75% to 1%.

Properties:

1. It has high strength and hardness.

2. It has excellent corrosion resistance property.

3. Its tenacity is high and has good working qualities.

4. Its tensile strength is 56 ksi.

Uses: It is used in naval construction.

4. Lead brass: Lead increases the softness of brass. The addition of lead also seals shrinkage pores to provide pressure tightness.

Composition: Lead (Pb) = 2%.

Properties:

1. The leaded brasses are used for copper base screw machine material.

2. The alloys have excellent machinability, good strength and corrosion resistance.

3. If lead present in small quantity, reduces the ductility and strength, but if more than 2% it has a tendency to liquate.

4. Lead increases the machinability of brass as well as increasing its strength and resistance to corrosion.

Uses:

1. It prevents the logging of automatic machines.

5. Aluminium brass: The amount of aluminium added to brass does not usually exceed 3%. It raises the tensile strength but decrease the ductility.

Properties:

1. It has high tensile strength.

2. It resists corrosion better than ordinary brass.

3. It is in golden deep color.

Uses:

1. It is used in Automobile Industry.

2. It is used for General Engineering Purposes.

3. Used in Radiator.

4. It is used in Oil Burner Tube.

5. It is used for casting and forging or rolling.

3. CAST IRON: Cast iron is a group of iron-carbon alloys with carbon content greater than 2% to 5%.

Properties:

1. It has a crystalline, coarse granular structure.

2. It is hard and brittle.

3. It can be hardened by heating and sudden cooling but cannot not been tampered.

4. It can neither be forged nor welded.

5. It cannot be magnetized.

6. Its melting point is 12000C.

7. It is neither malleable nor ductile.

8. Its tensile strength fair and compressive strength good.

9. It becomes soft in salty water.

Uses

1. It is used for making bed plates, columns, rail chairs, bracket and machine parts not subjected to heavy shocks or tension.

2. As it does not rust easily so it is used for making sewers, drain pipes, water pipes etc.

3. As it is poor in tension, therefore least suitable for structural purpose.

1. Gray Cast Iron: Grey cast iron is characterized by its graphitic microstructure, which causes fractures of the material to have a grey appearance.

Composition: Carbon (C) = 2.5 to 3.8%; Silicon (Si) = 1.1 to 2.8%; Manganese (Mn) = 0.4 to 1%; Phosphorous (P) = 0.15% and Sulfur (S) = 0.10%.

Properties:

1. It is characterized by presence of a large portion of its carbon in the form of graphite flakes. Graphite flakes occupy about 10% of the metal volume.

2. When fractured, a bar of gray cast iron gives appearance.

3. It is readily cast into a desired shape in the sand moulds.

4. It possesses lowest melting point of the ferrous alloys.

5. It possesses high fluidity and hence it can be cast into complex shapes and thin sections.

6. It possesses machinability better than steel.

7. It has high resistance to wear.

8. It possesses high vibration damping capacity.

9. It has low ductility and low impact strength as compared with steel.

10. It associates low cost combined with hardness and rigidity.

11. It possesses high compressive strength.

12. It possesses excellent casting qualities for producing simple and complex shape.

Uses:

1. Main holes cover.

2. Machine tool structure e.g., bed, frame and details.

3. Frames for electric motors.

4. Rolling mill and general machinery part.

5. Cylinder blocks and heads for I.C. engine.

6. Gas or water pipes for underground purpose.

7. Ingot moulds.

8. Sanitary works.

9. Household appliances.

10. Tunnel segments etc.

2. White cast iron:

Composition: Iron (Fe) = 94%; Graphite carbon= 0.5%; Combined carbon= 3.5% and the remainder other impurities.

Properties:

1. Hard, brittle and cannot be machined.

2. So called be-cause the carbon is mostly in combined iron.

3. Highly resistant to wear.

4. Tensile strength is good.

5. Obtained by rapid cooling of metal.

6. Due to its poor fluidity its does not fill the mould freely.

7. White iron castings can be made in sand moulds.

8. White iron can also we made on the surface of a gray iron castings provide the metal is of special composition.

9. White iron of a particular composition is the first step in the production of malleable iron castings.

Uses:

1. Used for parts subjected to excessive wear e.g., in rim of freight car wheel or railway brake blocks.

2. Used for inferior castings and does not rust so much as gray variety.

3. Used for making malleable castings also.

3. Molted cast iron:

Composition: Iron (Fe) = 93.5%; Graphite= 1.75%; Combined carbon= 1.75% and the remainder impurities.

Properties:

1. Mixture of the two states, gray cast iron and white cast iron.

2. Strength and hardness vary according to the ratio of free carbon to combined carbon.

3. Fewer tendencies to rust than gray variety.

4. Fluidity is good.

5. Hard and brittle.

Uses:

1. Used for manhole covers and pipes.

2. Also employed for making plugs and lamp posts.

4. Nodular cast iron:

Composition: Carbon (C) = 3.2 to 4.2%; Silicon (Si) = 1.1 to 3.5%; Manganese (Mn) = 0.3 to 0.8%; Phosphorous (P) = 0.08% and Sulfur(S) = 0.2%.

Properties:

1. In nodular cast iron graphite appears as rounded particles or nodule or spheroids (unlike long flakes as in gray cast iron).

2. It possesses very good machinability.

3. Soft annealed grades of nodular cast iron can be turned at very high feed and speeds.

4. It possesses damping capacity intermediate between cast iron and steel.

5. It possesses excellent castability and wears resistance.

6. The properties of nodular cast iron depend upon metal composition and cooling rate.

Uses:

1. Steel mill rolls and mill equipment.

2. Power transmission equipment.

3. Valves and fitting.

4. Pumps and compressors.

5. Construction machinery.

6. Internal combustion engine.

7. Paper industries and machinery.

8. Farm Implements and tractors.

5. Malleable cast iron:

Composition: Carbon (C) = 2 to 3 %; Silicon (Si) = 0.6 to1.3%; Manganese (Mn) = 0.2 to 0.6%; Phosphors (P) = 0.15% and Sulfur (S) =0.10%

Properties:

1. It possesses high yield strength.

2. It can be hammered and rolled to different shapes.

3. It has high Young’s modulus and low coefficient of thermal expansion.

4. It possesses good wear resistance and vibration damping capacity.

5. It has shrinkage of1.5mm/100mm.

6. It has low to moderate cost.

7. It is soft, tough and easily machined.

Uses:

1. Differential and steering gear housing.

2. Brakes pedals.

3. Hangers

4. Agriculture equipments

5. Automotive crankshaft.

6. Tractor springs.

7. Washing machine parts.

8. Universal joint yoke.

9. Rail, road, etc.

4. ALUMINIUM: Aluminium or aluminum is a chemical element in the boron group with symbol Al and atomic number 13.

Physical and chemical properties:

1. Pure aluminium has silvery and luster, while the commercial grades show a characteristics bluish tinage.

2. The high purity has a much greater resistance to corrosion then the ordinary steel.

3. It is ductile and malleable.

4. Its specific gravity is 2.7.

5. It proportion to its weight it is quite strong.

6. Melting point is 6580C, Boiling point is 20570C.

7. Its electrical resistivity is 2.669 microns ohms/cm3 at 200C.

8. It tensile strength varies from 95 to157 MN/m2. 

9. It is a good conductor of heat and electricity.

10. It forms useful alloys with iron, copper, zinc and other metals.

11. It is light in weight as compared to other metals.

Uses:

1. Aluminium foil is used as silver paper for packing chocolates etc.

2. It is used for making plane parts.

1. Duralumin:

Composition: Aluminium (Al) = 94%, Copper (Cu) = 4%, Mg, Mn, Si, Fe = 0.5% each.

Properties:

1. It can be cast, forged and stamped.

2. It has high tensile strength.

3. It possesses high electrical conductance.

4. It hardness spontaneously when exposed to room temperature.

5. The alloys of soft enough soft workable period after it has been quenched 

6. The temperature employed for the solution heat treatment of the alloy is the lowest that is applicable to any commercial light alloy.

7. Specific gravity =2.8.

8. Melting point =6500C.

9. Brinell hardness; Annealed = 60, age hardened = 100.

Uses:

1. It is widely use for sheets, tubes, forging, rivets, nuts, bolts and similar parts.

2. It is also extensive used for air planes and other machines where weight is a deciding factor.

3. Used for making cables.

4. It is also employed in surgical and orthopedic work and for non magnetic and other instrument parts.

2. Y-Alloy :

Composition: Al =92.5%, Cu = 4%, Ni =2%, Mg = 1.5%

Properties:

1. Its strength at 2000C is better than aluminium.

2. It retains its high strength and hardness at high temperature.

3. It can be easily cast and hot worked.

Uses:

1. It is extensively used for such components as piston cylinder heads and crank cases of internal combustion engines.

2. It is also used for die castings, pumps rods and in sparking chisel in the place of steel.

3. Magnelium:

Composition: Al = 85 to 95%, Cu = 0 to 0.25%, Mg = 1 to 5.5%, Ni = 0 to 1.2%, Sn = 0 to 3%, Fe = 0 to 0.9%, Mn = 0to 0.03%, Si = 0.2 to 0.6%.

Properties:

1. Light weight.

2. Tensile strength – Annealed state: 200N/mm2< cold worked state: 280N/mm2.

3. Elongation - Annealed state: 30%; cold worked state: 7%

4. Alloy is brittle.

5. Castability poor.

6. Machinability good.

7. Can be welded.

Uses:

1. Mostly used in the aircraft and automobile industries. Some of parts made from magnelium are: Gearbox housing, Vehicle door handles, luggage racks, coffee grinder parts and ornamental fixtures.

5. GUN METAL: Gunmetal, also known as red brass in the United States, is a type of bronze – an alloy of copper, tin and lead.

Composition: Cu = 88%, Sn = 10%, Pb = 2%.

Properties:

1. Tensile strength is 270 MN/m2.

2. Brinell hardness is 65.

3. Elongation in 5 cm length is 20%.

Uses:

1. It is used for general casting purposes, especially to resist marine corrosion, suitable for bearing when lubrication is good.

6. HIGH SPEED STEEL: High-speed steel (HSS or HS) is a subset of tool steels, commonly used in tool and cutting tools. It is often used in power-saw blades and drill bits. It is superior to the older high-carbon steel tools used extensively through the 1940s in that it can withstand higher temperatures without losing its temper (hardness). This property allows HSS to cut faster than high carbon steel, hence the name high-speed steel. The addition of 5 to 8% cobalt to HSS imparts higher strength and wear resistance

Composition: Tungsten = 18%, Chromium = 4%, and vanadium = 1% with a carbon content of 0.6 to 0.7%.

Properties:

1. High working hardness.

2. High wear resistance.

3. Excellent toughness.

4. Compressive strength.

5. High retention of hardness and red hardness.

6. Strength to prevent breakage on the cutting edge. The influence of alloying elements on steel properties: Carbon.

Uses:

1. High Speed Steel is a cutting tool material used in drilling, milling, turning, threading, boring, broaching, gear cutting and many other machining operations.

2. High Speed Steel is used for form tools, slitter knives, guillotine knives, parting tools and many other types of cutting tools.